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was how to go about building shoreline protection in an environment like that, compared to on a conventional beach or on a big rocky shoreline, and not permanently change that environment.” The detailed assessments meant that the project team was able to move from a design that relied on a one-size-fits-all approach for erosion protection along the 700-metre stretch of shoreline to a softer approach that integrated lower-impact rip- rap installation with anchored driftwood and native vegetation. For areas where elevation and depth of the foreshore and backshore allowed, the design team recommended, for example, burying the toe of the protection work’s rip-rap backbone beneath beach sediments and decreasing the angle of the shoreline slope to diffuse wave force, prevent erosion, and protect forage fish–spawning areas. They suggested using large logs on the surface instead of rip-rap, and anchoring the wood to the underlying boulders to form a more natural barrier to the waves. They also recommended salvaging driftwood, beach sands and native plants from foreshore areas that would be excavated, and replacing and replanting them after construction to mimic original conditions. In one location along the road, they advised leaving the shoreline be. The dune habitat there was well established, and the foreshore and backshore were stable and sheltered from the weather. The dune itself protects the road. However, in places where the road lies close to the shoreline edge and is exposed and low-lying, options were limited. A wall of rip-rap now protects that segment of road. “It becomes a hard-engineering solution,” McLean says. “There’s really no other option. But in other places, we had more flexibility, and we tried to find where there were opportunities to do as much soft engineering as possible.” The archaeological site also presented challenges. In the end, the project archaeologist and the contractor came up

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